![]() Of course, there is also a link to buy the resulting film. The landing page for each film pulls in images from Flickr that use the tag of that film, so users can see for themselves the characteristics of that emulsionĪt the moment just under 50 films are included, and users can filter the list by contrast, color/B&W, manufacturer, speed and grain type to whittle the list down to specific requirements. Austrian photography enthusiast Dominik Sobe has built a website that lists available emulsions, shows a collection of images shot on that particular film and links to reviews on other sites.Īlmost 50 films are listed and can be filtered by brand, contrast, grain type and speed ratingįilmtypes automatically draws in images from Flickr that are tagged with the film they were shot with and displays them on the landing page for that film, while offering a short description of the film’s characteristics, its origins and the formats in which it can be bought. Recommendations are made for reducing and optimizing demulsifier dosage and controlling emulsion problems.When getting into film photography it can be very difficult to find out not only what films are available but also the differences between them and what they are designed to do. ![]() Herein the field-emulsion treatment program is discussed, and more importantly, methods to prevent emulsion problems are highlighted. Experience and economics determine which methods are used, and to what degree, for emulsion treatment.įinally, a section on field applications also is included that should be useful for the practicing engineer who deals with emulsions either regularly or on a limited basis. ![]() The methods involved in demulsification-including thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical are also presented. The mechanisms involved in demulsification (e.g., flocculation, aggregation, sedimentation, creaming, and coalescence) are discussed in terms of the stability of the interfacial films. Emulsions are destabilized by increasing temperature and residence time, removal of solids, and controlling emulsifiers. The focus is on the destabilization of emulsions and the demulsification process. The second part of this paper presents methods to tackle crude-oil emulsions. The effects of these factors on emulsion stability are reviewed within this paper. The stability of these interfacial films, and hence, the stability of the emulsions, depends on a number of factors, including the heavy material in the crude oil (e.g., asphaltenes, resins, and waxes), solids (e.g., clays, scales, and corrosion products), temperature, droplet size and droplet-size distribution, pH, and oil and brine composition. Crude-oil emulsions are stabilized by rigid interfacial films that form a "skin" on water droplets and prevent the droplets from coalescing. The first part of this paper presents why emulsions form during oil production, the types of emulsions encountered, and new methods for characterizing them. ![]() ![]() This paper discusses production and operational problems related to crude-oil emulsions and presents a review that will be useful for practicing engineers. The formation of emulsions during oil production is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used and production lost. ![]()
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